Literature Reviews, Project Research Institute, literature review for project management system.3/29/2017 Being critical is about adopting a sceptical stance and be willing to question what you read. This requires you to constantly consider and justify your own critical stance. It requires you to have gained topic-based background knowledge, understanding, the ability to reflect upon and to analyse the literature and, based on this, to make reasoned judgments that are argued effectively. Being critical is increasingly being seen as a requirement of academic study; the extract below from ‘Skills for all Master’s programmes’, subject benchmark statement from the Master’s Awards in Business and Management, Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education (UK) states: There is no one way to present or conduct a literature review, but it is clear that there exists a shared set of principles which an effective review should reflect. Fink (1998. p. 3) defined a literature review as being ‘a systematic, explicit and reproducible method for identifying, evaluating and interpreting the existing body of recorded work produced by researchers, scholars and practitioners’. Some key principles emerge from this definition worthy of exploration. understand the role that a critical literature review plays within your research; Critique of tradition: questioning the conventional wisdom, with justification. Michael Tong and Craig Thomson ‘Identifying, evaluating and interpreting ’ suggests that relevant literature sources need to be identified and sourced first, prior to evaluating its relevance and meaning, with its implications interpreted within the review for the context of the research. Taking each of these steps in sequence is important as from this they can develop the understanding of the theoretical foundation and debates surrounding the research, and from which to establish the research scope and questions from an informed standpoint. Final filter – this identified the articles that provided a framework or explicit definition of complexities, reducing the sample to 25 publications. The authors mean to be logical, but may have developed a line of reasoning that contains a flaw. In order to position the research and to communicate its contribution to the body of knowledge there are two functions that the literature review should provide that ultimately lead to the scope of the research project (see Figure 13.1 ). An example of this can be provided by a student conducting research into managing innovation in construction projects. The student will need to draw on literature from: Analysis of the publications followed a further five steps. In the first three, they identified a framework of five types of complexity that emerged from previous works. The last two steps explored suitable indicators for each of these complexities. The authors mean to be honest making an essay conclusion, but may have been misled by the evidence into saying something that I consider to be untrue. Hart (1998. p. 1) defined the literature review as ‘the use of ideas in the literature to justify the particular approach to the topic, the selection of methods, and demonstration that this research contributes something new’. This definition highlights strongly the role of the review in justifying the selection of the topic, identifying the scope and rationale, or in selecting an appropriate methodology. Furthermore, it forces you to justify your contribution and novelty in relation to the established body of knowledge. Critical thinking and creativity: managing creative processes in self and others; organising thoughts, analysis, synthesis, critical appraisal. This includes the capability to identify assumptions, evaluate statements in terms of evidence, detect false logic or reasoning, identify implicit values, define terms adequately and generalise appropriately. (https://www.qaa.ac.uk/academicinfrastructure/benchmark/masters/MBAintro.asp ) To help dissertation students develop their literature review for their research project, the MSc programme in International Project Management at Glasgow Caledonian University asks students to develop a conference paper (of eight pages) around which they explore the aim and objectives for their research project dissertation and theses, and review the state of the art relating to the key thematic areas. This exercise helps students in the early stages of their dissertation to clarify their thinking, and to use the preliminary literature search and review to actively evolve the research aim and objectives. Since implementing this initiative, the programme has observed an increased level of familiarity amongst students around the themes of their research, an ability to evolve the direction of the projects themselves and to adopt a proactive and informed stance towards their research. The authors mean to tell me something new writing the personal statement sample, but may not have taken into account other information that I possess. Project Management Journal Science Direct. Full text of some 1,500 key scientific journals. Subjects include engineering english writing essay topics, technology, power and environmental science. a variety of disciplines relating to specific themes involving managing innovation within construction projects such as process management essays about economics, leadership, culture and teamwork; general management relating to innovation management (drawing on established theoretical models developed for a general audience); If the literature review is to provide creditability to the research, it is important that the quality of the sources which form the review are ensured. Levy and Ellis (2006) argue that sources should be published, and this means available in the public domain. However, the means of publication can vary around three general categories of literature with implications of these sources relating to the level of detail, extent of scientific rigour and the length of time it takes to publish. Although there are many reasons for combining approaches essay editing services india, the novice researcher may not have the time, resources and expertise to effectively combine them. The advice would be to go for one, unless you are confident in your ability to do both or it is beneficial towards answering your research question. The choice should also be based on the research problem you want to address and the skills you have, not on what tasks you want to avoid. Common examples of poor reasons for choosing an approach include a dislike of statistical analyses for choosing an inductive approach and a dislike for writing in choosing a deductive approach. Table 13.1 provides a guide for choosing between the different approaches. Each item should be considered carefully before making the final decision. They are not arranged in the order of importance. Using keywords to structure your search whether it be themes, sub-themes, combination of themes, phrases and so on. A trail is provided using a range of search mechanisms such as Internet searches good online schools, and the specified main databases. The second relates to the researcher’s ability to critically appraise the literature. This is a skill which students need but often find difficult to move beyond a descriptive standpoint in their narrative of the existing body of knowledge. Critical evaluation is essential if the research is to question or challenge the status quo essay analysis essay, identify its own research position or gap, and respond to contemporary problems. At the end of this chapter, the reader can: Critique of objectivity: acknowledging that the knowledge and information being discussed are not value free. An aid to help researchers establish the key concepts and research questions can be through a mapping technique that takes the form of a flow map. The researcher, as they conduct the review of literature, can establish concepts and develop the map by answering emerging questions. This helps establish where the gaps exist within the research as well as aiding the evolution of the project. Figure 13.6 overleaf demonstrates how such a map can be used to explore the concepts and questions emerging from an article. Given the fact that we all have different knowledge and experience, adopting a critical frame of mind that maintains a little scepticism is appropriate. Wallace and Wray (2011) suggest that in reading an academic article, we might keep in our mind these sceptical provisos: However, there is a need to ensure that if the research focuses on a specific sector that the review addresses the established journals of that sector. For example, PM issues within construction and the built environment will be addressed in journals such as Construction Management and Economics ; Engineering, Construction, Architecture and Management but also in specific journals focused on PM in this sector such as Journal of Building Project and Asset Management . Primary sources – these sources provide first-hand accounts of investigation: Weick, Karl E. "Drop your tools: An Allegory for Organizational Studies" Administrative Science Quarterly. pp301-313. 1996 Jun. Nominated by: Dr Janice Thomas (If you like something you read or one of our recommendations stinks - tell us and see what others thought about it .) Crawford, Lynn H and Helm, Jane Government and Governance: The Value of Project Management in the Public Sector Project Management Journal. Sylva: Mar 2009. Vol. 40 essay about students and social service, Iss. 1; p. 73 Cockburn buy a reflective essay, A. and Highsmith, J. Agile Software development: The People Factor. Computer 2001 34(11) 131-133. Styhre, A. (2011) essay about family importance, “Practice and intuitive thinking: The situated nature of practical work”, International Journal of Organizational Analysis, Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. 109-126. Pinto, Jeff Project Management 2002. in Research-Technology Management, 2002 45(2), 22-37. Besner, Claude; Hobbs, Brian (2012). The paradox of risk management; a project management practice perspective. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business 5. 2
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